Mapping an Urban City Centre for Seismic Risk Assessment: Application to Valencia (Spain)

[EN] Seismic risk in urban city centres may be high, even when the city is in low to moderate seismic areas, due to the vulnerability of the residential buildings. To assess the seismic vulnerability and estimate the expected damage in case of occurrence of an earthquake, an up-to-date detailed and comprehensive information of the residential building stock, such as number of dwellings, location, age, geometry, stiffness irregularities, structure, constructive system and practices, among others, is needed. This paper presents the authors experience, describing the step by step procedure followed to obtain the required information to classify and catalogue the residential buildings of the historical neighbourhoods of the city of Valencia into a database. Official sources, like the Cadastral Database, the website of the Urban Planning Service of the city of Valencia, the Municipal Historical Archive of Valencia, and the Historical Archive of the Valencian Architects Society, but also unexpected references are shared, pointing out the information that has been retrieved and its reliability. Additionally, relevant information must be obtained with an on-site data collection. This field work is essential not only to prove the accuracy of the abovementioned data but also to define some of the parameters related to the building vulnerability.The built database, included in a GIS system, has been used by the authors for seismic risk studies. This procedure can be implemented in future assessments at an urban scale.This paper is related with the research project "RISK-Terra. Earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula: study of natural, social and anthropic risks and strategies to improve resilience" (RTI2018-095302-B-I00), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities.Basset-Salom, L.; Guardiola Villora, AP. (2020). Mapping an Urban City Centre for Seismic Risk Assessment: Application to Valencia (Spain). International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences (Online). 44:817-824. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-817-2020S8178244

Earthquake risk scenarios of the Ciutat Vella District in Valencia, Spain

[EN] According to the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction cities must take measures to anticipate disasters and mitigate their impact, protecting homes and cultural heritage, minimizing losses due to earthquakes and other threats. After the recent earthquakes in historical city centres, the evaluation of the seismic risk, even in regions of low or moderate seismicity, is imperative, being damage assessment and loss estimation essential for its reduction. In this paper the seismic risk analysis of the residential buildings in the Ciutat Vella District in Valencia, with great historical and architectural value, is presented. The vulnerability of Ciutat Vella has been assessed with the Vulnerability Index Method establishing the seismic quality of the residential buildings according to their structural typology, conservation status, age and geometry; identifying the most vulnerable buildings. Damage probability matrices have been obtained for the deterministic and probabilistic earthquake scenarios, estimating for each of them, the seismic risk in terms of direct social and economic losses, mapping the results using a GIS system tool. Results confirm that the vulnerability of the building stock in Ciutat Vella is high being the seismic risk significant. In the event of an earthquake, many residential buildings included in the Catalogue of Listed Buildings of the Special Protection Plan of Ciutat Vella will be damaged. The detailed analysis of the most vulnerable buildings will provide, in future research works, criteria for intervention to enhance their structural seismic response, safeguarding the architectural heritage and contributing to the reduction of human and material losses.The Authors wish to acknowledge the students Ana Perez Recatala, Beatriz Alborch Vidal and Blanca Salavert Pamblanco for their help in the building information retrieval under a collaboration grant program funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports. Finally, the authors want to thank P. McGowan for the review of the English version of the paper.Guardiola Villora, AP.; Basset-Salom, L. (2020). Earthquake risk scenarios of the Ciutat Vella District in Valencia, Spain. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering. 18(4):1245-1284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00745-7S12451284184Athmani AE, Gouasmia A, Ferreira TM, Vicente R, Khemis A (2015) Seismic vulnerability assessment of historical masonry buildings located in Annaba city (Algeria) using non ad-hoc data survey. Bull Earthq Eng 13:2283–2307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9717-7Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2017) Censo de población y viviendas. Oficina de Estadística http://www.valencia.es/ayuntamiento/estadistica.nsf/ . Accessed 12 Sept 2018Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2018) Plan Especial de protección de Ciutat Vella (PEP Ciutat Vella). http://www.valencia.es/ayuntamiento/urbanismo2.nsf/ . Accessed 5 Dec 2018Barbat AH, Yépez Moya F, Canas JA (1996) Damage scenarios simulation for seismic risk assessment in urban zones. Earthq Spectra 12(3):371–394Barbat AH, Pujades LG, Lantada N (2008) Seismic damage evaluation in urban areas using a capacity-spectrum based method: application to Barcelona. 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Seismic Vulnerability and Expected Damage in "Ground Zero Area" in El Cabanyal (Valencia)

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in International Journal of Architectural Heritage on 2021, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/15583058.2019.1710783[EN] The seismic vulnerability assessment of buildings in historic city centres is the first step to mitigate the possible damage, to prevent heritage losses and to preserve their historical identity. In this paper the analysis is focused on the residential buildings of ¿Ground zero Area¿ in El Cabanyal. This unique quarter of Valencia, once a fishermen¿s settlement, has a strong village-like identity and heritage value. Swallowed up by an expanding city centre and threatened by a poor redevelopment plan, which caused its degradation, its rehabilitation is nowadays the object of a new protection plan. The seismic vulnerability of the residential buildings has been assessed using the Vulnerability Index Method, obtaining a global damage index, and the equivalent built area expected to be destroyed. Results, implemented in a GIS environment, revealed that, due to the high vulnerability, many of the analysed listed buildings will be significantly damaged. A new detailed analysis is recommended, to define intervention and retrofitting criteria to improve their seismic response, preserving the architectural heritage and defending the unique identity of El CabanyalBasset-Salom, L.; Guardiola Villora, AP. (2021). Seismic Vulnerability and Expected Damage in "Ground Zero Area" in El Cabanyal (Valencia). International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 15(11):1623-1640. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2019.1710783S16231640151

WHEN THE RISK IS URBAN PLANNING. A CASE STUDY IN EL CABANYAL (SPAIN)

[EN] This paper presents the vicissitudes of a residential dwelling built in El Cabanyal in 1923 and how poor urban planning can be a risk. The building corresponds to one of the most common traditional typologies: a terraced house with masonry load bearing brick walls and timber floors, three storeys, a linear staircase attached to the party walls, a courtyard at the rear and a gable roof. In the past, this building, proved to be resilient, overcoming the risk of collapse in some important episodes which affected directly El Cabanyal: the air raid attacks of the Valencian coastline settlements during the Spanish Civil War and the floods occurred in 1949 and in 1957. In 1988, the building was listed in the catalogue of the General Plan with a protection grade 3. The special protection plan (PEPRI 2001) which was supposed to protect and rehabilitate El Cabanyal, projected the extension of Blasco Ibañez Avenue to the sea and consequently, the division of the neighbourhood in two halves, tearing down an important number of houses. Subsequently, the City council began to expropriate buildings facilitating their occupation by squatters. The level of degradation caused by the urban planning is such that this area is known as `Ground Zero Area¿. At the time of writing this paper, the building appears to be illegally occupied and in a bad state of preservation. After almost a hundred years facing different risks, poor urban planning appears to be the cause of the destruction of this heritage building.This paper is related with the research project "RISK-Terra. Earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula: study of natural, social and anthropic risks and strategies to improve resilience" (RTI2018-095302-B-I00), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities.Guardiola Villora, AP.; Basset-Salom, L. (2020). WHEN THE RISK IS URBAN PLANNING. A CASE STUDY IN EL CABANYAL (SPAIN). International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences (Online). 44(1):753-760. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-753-202075376044

Pandeo lateral de vigas de acero. Análisis comparado de las normas CTE DB SE-A, EAE y EC3

[EN] The Basic Document, Structural Safety, Steel of the Spanish Technical Building Code provides mathematical expressions to obtain the lateral buckling resistance of hot-rolled steel beams. These expressions include a coefficient, C-1, that accounts for variation of the bending moment along the beam. However, this document only provides values for linear diagrams of bending moments. The instruction for Structural Steel, a copy of the latest version of Eurocode 3, does not include any method to obtain the elastic critical moment. On the contrary, a table with correction factors applicable to different types of bending moments diagrams is included. In this document both procedures have been combined and results have been compared to those obtained using other versions of the Eurocode 3. Finally, tables have been provided to ease the design of hot-rolled steel beams while preventing the lateral buckling.Guardiola Villora, AP.; Perez-Garcia, A.; Pérez, A. (2021). Lateral buckling of steel beams. Compared analysis of CTE DB SE-A, EAE and EC3 codes. Revista Internacional de Métodos Numéricos para Cálculo y Diseño en Ingeniería. 37(2):1-18. https://doi.org/10.23967/j.rimni.2021.03.001S11837

Creating a residential building database: Sources, contents ans reliability

Nowadays, it is totally assumed that the historic city centres must be protected, being conservation, maintenance and enhancement of the existing residential buildings a must to guarantee their preservation, instead of removal and demolition. However, many residential buildings in old city centres do not meet the habitability, sanitation or energy efficiency requirements. Therefore, retrofitting and modernisation is needed in order to improve the quality of life of their inhabitants. The aim of this paper is to point out the pressing need of creating old city centres residential building databases including not only age, dimensions or number of storeys, but also structural system, construction materials (facades, parting walls, roofing, etc.) and graphic information (pictures, layouts, documents), essential to understand each building in its context, to highlight its values and to guarantee a sustainable retrofitting. A case study focused on the historic centre of Valencia is described and details are given about each source, including not only historic archives but also websites of real estate agencies and on-site study campaigns. Finally, the reliability of the most available sources is analysed and discussed attending to the personal experience of the authors.Guardiola Villora, AP.; Basset-Salom, L.; Perez-Garcia, A. (2018). Creating a residential building database: Sources, contents ans reliability. En Reactive proactive architecture. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 458-463. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/159390S45846

Private air-raid shelters designed by the Valencian architect Joaquín Rieta during the Spanish Civil War

[EN] One of Valencia's outstanding twentieth-century architects, Joaquín Rieta is well known as the designer of some of the most famous buildings in the city centre of Valencia. But his promising career was interrupted by the Spanish Civil War, when Valencia became one of the most bombed cities in Spain. During this period, Rieta designed a series of private air-raid shelters to protect the civilian population. These pioneering structures, which formed an essential part of the architecture of air-raid shelters during World War II, have been analysed in terms of their materials, construction, and structural system. More than eighty years after the end of the Spanish Civil War, this article brings to light the documents of six air-raid shelters designed by Rieta, to reappraise the quality of the original projects, acknowledge the cultural value of these war architectural sites, and to retain the memory of this painful historical period alive in the present.Guardiola Villora, AP.; Basset-Salom, L.; Perez-Garcia, A. (2021). Private air-raid shelters designed by the Valencian architect Joaquín Rieta during the Spanish Civil War. The Journal of Architecture (Online). 26(3):286-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602365.2021.1897646S28631526